FBISE-Class-10-Biology-Pre-board-Exam-Test-Paper-Guess-Paper-Exam-Preparation-2024

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SECTION A

1-Human breath --------times per minute in normal circumstances i.e at rest

a)20-25

b)16-20

c)30-35

d)15-20

b) 16-20

2-Broad leaves are found in

a)Hydrophytes

b)Mesophytes

c)Xerophytes

d)Halophytes

b) Mesophytes

3-Succulent organs are found in

a)Hydrophytes

b)Mesophytes

c)Xerophytes

d)Halophytes

c) Xerophytes

4-The myelin sheath is formed by--------- which wrap around the axons of some

neurons;

a)Nodes of Ranvier

b)Axons

c)Dendrites

d)Schwann cells

d)Schwann cells

5-Babies are born with about---------soft bones.

a)206

b)250

c)300

d)350

c)300

6-Which of these germinate by epigeal germination?

a)Pea

b)Maize

c)Beans

d)Coconut

b) Maize

7-Many Haploid oogonia are present in;

a)Follicles

b)sperms

c)spermatids

d) Scrotum

a)Follicles

8-Which of the following statements regarding genes is false?

a)Genes are located on chromosomes

b)Genes consist of a long sequence of DNA

c)A gene contains information for the production of protein

d) Each cell contains a single copy of every gene

d) Each cell contains a single copy of every gene

9-Which of the following is the abiotic component of ecosystem?

a)Producers

b)Herbivores

c)Carnivores

d)Oxygen

d) Oxygen

10-A network of all the feeding relationships in an ecosystem is called:

a)Food chain

b)Food web

c)Tropic level

d)Energy flow

b) Food web

11-Grapes can be directly fermented by -------- to wine ?

a)yeast

b)bacteria

c)virus

d) all of these

a) yeast

12-Streptomycin obtained from

a) yeast

b)bacteria

c)virus

d)all of these

b) bacteria

SECTION B (Marks=11*3=33)

Attempt any eleven questions from the following?

Q1:What do you know about Inhalation?

Inhalation refers to the process of breathing in air or other gases into the lungs. During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward, while the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract and lift the rib cage. This expansion of the chest cavity causes a decrease in air pressure inside the lungs, allowing air to flow in through the nose or mouth and into the respiratory system.

Q2:what are the causes and symptoms of pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with pus or fluid. The common causes of pneumonia include bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Symptoms may include cough, fever, chills, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and fatigue.

Q3:What is lithotripsy?

Lithotripsy is a medical procedure used to break down kidney stones into smaller pieces that can be more easily passed out of the body through the urinary tract. This is typically done using shock waves generated outside the body or through a minimally invasive procedure using a laser.

Q4:What is guttation?How does it differ from dew?

Guttation is the process by which water droplets exude from the edges or tips of leaves of some vascular plants, particularly in the morning or during periods of high humidity. It differs from dew in that guttation occurs through specialized structures called hydathodes, while dew forms as a result of condensation on the surface of leaves or other objects.

Q5:Define reflex action and reflex arc?

A reflex action is an involuntary and rapid response to a stimulus, typically to protect the body from harm or maintain homeostasis. A reflex arc is the neural pathway that mediates a reflex action. It typically includes a sensory receptor, a sensory neuron, an interneuron in the spinal cord or brain, a motor neuron, and an effector muscle or gland.

Q6:How would you associate the role of Vitamin A with vision and effects on retina?

Vitamin A plays a crucial role in vision, particularly in low-light conditions. It is a component of the pigment rhodopsin, which is found in the retina of the eye and is essential for the perception of light. Deficiency of vitamin A can lead to night blindness and other vision problems, as well as damage to the retina.

Q7:What are tendons and ligaments?

Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, allowing for the transmission of muscle force to bone movement. Ligaments are also fibrous connective tissues, but they connect bones to other bones, providing stability and preventing excessive movement at joints.

Q8:What is Gout?

Gout is a type of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness, swelling, and tenderness in the joints, particularly in the big toe. It is caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, typically due to an overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid.

Q9:Differentiate between spore and endospore?

Spores are reproductive structures produced by some fungi, algae, and plants that are capable of developing into new organisms under suitable conditions. Endospores, on the other hand, are dormant, resistant structures produced by certain bacteria as a survival mechanism under unfavorable environmental conditions.

Q10: What is alternation of generation in plants?

Alternation of generations is a reproductive strategy found in some plants, where the life cycle alternates between a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) phase and a multicellular diploid (sporophyte) phase. The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis, which develop into gametophytes that produce gametes. Fertilization of gametes results in the formation of a diploid zygote, which develops into a new sporophyte generation.

Q11:What are homologous chromosomes?How many of these exist in man?

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that have similar DNA sequences and genes, although they may have different alleles. In humans, there are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell.

Q12:Differentiate between transcription and translation?

Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Translation is the process by which the mRNA molecule is decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.

Q13- What do you know about acid rain?

Acid rain is a type of precipitation that is acidic due to the presence of pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere. These pollutants can react with water vapor to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which are then deposited onto the Earth's surface through rain, snow, fog, or other forms of precipitation. Acid rain can have detrimental effects on the environment, including damage to forests, lakes, and aquatic ecosystems, as well as corrosion of buildings and infrastructure.

Q14-Define commensalism with examples?

Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. An example of commensalism is the relationship between barnacles and whales, where barnacles attach themselves to the skin of whales to obtain a stable substrate for attachment, while the whales are not significantly affected.

Q15-What are objectives of genetic engineering?

The objectives of genetic engineering include the manipulation of genes to:

• Produce genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with desired traits such as increased yield, pest resistance, or nutritional value.
• Develop new medical treatments and therapies, including gene therapy for genetic disorders and the production of recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical purposes.
• Understand the function of genes and their role in biological processes through gene knockout, knock-in, and gene editing techniques.
• Improve agricultural practices and sustainability by engineering crops with enhanced traits such as drought tolerance, nutrient efficiency, or disease resistance.
• 
  

SECTION C(Marks=20)

Attempt any two questions from the following?

Q3: a)Explain basic steps in genetic engineering?

Genetic Engineering: Basic Steps

Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology, involves manipulating an organism's genetic makeup. Here's a breakdown of the fundamental steps:

1. Isolation of DNA: The first step is identifying and extracting the desired gene (or DNA fragment) from a donor organism possessing the targeted trait. Scientists use restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at specific locations.

2. Gene Cloning: The isolated gene needs to be replicated for insertion into the recipient organism. Techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) create numerous copies of the desired gene.

3. Vector Delivery: A vector, typically a plasmid (circular DNA molecule in bacteria), acts as a carrier for the gene of interest. The isolated gene is inserted into the vector using enzymes that ligate (join) the DNA fragments.

4. Transformation: The engineered vector containing the gene of interest is introduced into the recipient organism. This process can vary depending on the organism; for instance, bacteria can be transformed with heat shock or chemicals, while plant cells might require bombardment with microprojectiles.

5. Selection and Analysis: Once transformed, the recipient organisms are screened to identify those that successfully incorporated the foreign gene. These organisms are then analyzed to confirm the functionality of the introduced gene and its desired effect.

b)Draw and label the diagram for production of insulin through genetic engineering?

Q4 a)What are major categories of addictive drugs? Explain.

a) Major Categories of Addictive Drugs:

Addictive drugs are substances that alter brain function and lead to dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. These drugs can be classified into several major categories based on their pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action:

1. Stimulants: Stimulants are drugs that increase alertness, attention, and energy, while also elevating blood pressure and heart rate. They act by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. Common stimulants include cocaine, amphetamines (e.g., Adderall), methamphetamine, and nicotine (found in tobacco products).

2. Depressants: Depressants, also known as sedatives or tranquilizers, are drugs that slow down brain activity and induce relaxation and drowsiness. They act by enhancing the effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which inhibits brain activity. Depressants include alcohol, benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax, Valium), barbiturates, and opioids (e.g., heroin, morphine, prescription painkillers).

3. Hallucinogens: Hallucinogens are drugs that alter perception, mood, and consciousness, leading to hallucinations, sensory distortions, and profound changes in thought patterns. They act primarily on serotonin receptors in the brain. Examples of hallucinogens include LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), psilocybin (found in certain mushrooms), peyote, and MDMA (ecstasy).

4. Opioids: Opioids are a class of drugs that relieve pain and produce feelings of euphoria by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. They can be natural (e.g., morphine, codeine), semi-synthetic (e.g., oxycodone, hydrocodone), or synthetic (e.g., fentanyl, methadone). Opioids are highly addictive and can lead to dependence and overdose deaths.

5. Cannabis: Cannabis, also known as marijuana or weed, is a psychoactive drug derived from the Cannabis sativa plant. It contains cannabinoids such as THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol) that act on cannabinoid receptors in the brain. Cannabis can produce euphoria, relaxation, altered perception, and impaired memory and coordination.

6. Nicotine: Nicotine is a highly addictive stimulant found in tobacco products such as cigarettes, cigars, and electronic cigarettes (vapes). It acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, leading to increased alertness, mood enhancement, and addiction.

These major categories of addictive drugs have diverse effects on the brain and body, and their misuse can lead to a range of negative consequences, including physical and psychological dependence, overdose, and long-term health problems. Treatment for addiction often involves a combination of behavioral therapy, medication, and support services to address both the physical and psychological aspects of addiction.

b)Define Antibiotic.Describe three major groups of Antibiotics?

Antibiotics Explained

An antibiotic is a substance that either kills bacteria or inhibits their growth. These medications are crucial in treating bacterial infections and have revolutionized modern medicine.  However, it's important to remember that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Here are three major groups of antibiotics and their mechanisms of action:

1. Beta-lactam antibiotics: This group includes penicillin, the first discovered antibiotic, and its derivatives like amoxicillin and cephalexin. They work by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, a crucial structure for the bacteria's survival. Without a proper cell wall, the bacteria become weak and burst.
2. Macrolide antibiotics: Examples include erythromycin and azithromycin. These antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria. Protein production is essential for bacterial growth and function. By disrupting this process, macrolides prevent bacteria from multiplying and effectively halt the infection.
3. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin are some well-known examples in this category. Fluoroquinolones target an enzyme essential for bacterial DNA replication. By inhibiting this enzyme, they prevent bacteria from copying their DNA and reproducing, thereby controlling the infection.

Q5 a)Describe types of ecological pyramids?

a) Types of Ecological Pyramids:

Ecological pyramids are graphical representations of the trophic structure and energy flow within an ecosystem. They can be classified into three main types based on the parameters being represented:

Pyramid of Numbers:

The pyramid of numbers illustrates the number of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

In this pyramid, the base represents the primary producers (e.g., plants or algae), and successive levels represent the primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumers (carnivores), and so on.

The pyramid shape can vary depending on the ecosystem. In some cases, it may be upright, with a large number of producers supporting a smaller number of consumers at higher trophic levels. In other cases, it may be inverted, particularly in parasitic or inverted biomass pyramid situations.

Pyramid of Biomass:

The pyramid of biomass represents the total dry mass of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

Biomass is typically measured in grams per unit area (e.g., grams per square meter) or grams per unit volume (e.g., grams per cubic meter).

Like the pyramid of numbers, the base of the biomass pyramid represents the primary producers, and successive levels represent the biomass of consumers at higher trophic levels.

The shape of the biomass pyramid tends to be more consistent, with each successive trophic level having less biomass than the one below it due to energy loss and inefficiencies in energy transfer.

Pyramid of Energy:

The pyramid of energy illustrates the flow of energy through the trophic levels of an ecosystem.

Energy pyramids depict the amount of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next and typically measure energy flow in kilojoules or kilocalories per unit area per unit time (e.g., kJ/m^2/year).

In contrast to the other types of pyramids, energy pyramids are always upright, with the base representing the primary producers and successive levels representing the energy available to consumers at higher trophic levels.

Energy pyramids illustrate the fundamental principle of energy transfer in ecosystems: energy is lost as heat at each trophic level, resulting in a decrease in available energy as you move up the food chain.

These ecological pyramids provide valuable insights into the structure, functioning, and dynamics of ecosystems, helping ecologists understand patterns of energy flow, nutrient cycling, and trophic interactions within natural communities.

b)Explain female reproductive system of rabbit with the help of diagram?

Female Rabbit Reproductive System

The female rabbit reproductive system allows for reproduction and consists of internal and external genitalia. Here's a breakdown with a diagram:

Internal Organs:

Ovaries: A pair of ovaries located near the kidneys are responsible for producing eggs (ova) and secreting female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) that regulate the reproductive cycle.

Oviducts (Fallopian tubes): Two slender tubes connect the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization, the fusion of sperm and egg, typically occurs in the upper region of the oviduct.

Uterus: A muscular, pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into an embryo. Rabbits have a unique bicornuate uterus, meaning it's divided into two horns until the lower portion near the cervix fuses into a single chamber.

Cervix: The lower narrow neck of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It acts as a gatekeeper, controlling the passage of sperm into the uterus and restricting the movement of bacteria.

Vagina: A short, muscular passage that leads from the cervix to the external genitalia. It serves as the birth canal for delivering offspring and the entry point for sperm during mating.

External Genitalia:

Vulva: The external opening of the reproductive system, located behind the anus.

Clitoris: A small, erectile tissue that is not involved in urination but plays a role in sexual stimulation.

Rabbit Female Reproductive System Diagram

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